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1 Shen Gua (Shen Kua)
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]fl. eleventh century China[br]Chinese writer on the compass.[br]Shen Gua gave the first clear description in any language of the magnetic compass and magnetic declination in his Meng Qi Bi Tan (c. 1088). The text also describes north-and south-pointing needles, just over a century before the earliest Western accounts.[br]Bibliographyc.1088, Meng Qi Bi Tan.Further ReadingJ.Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962, Vol. IV. 1, pp. 249–51.LRD -
2 Bi Sheng (Pi Sheng)
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c.990 Chinad. c.1051 China[br]Chinese inventor of movable type for printing.[br]Bi Sheng was a commoner, "a man of unofficial position". The only record of his invention is Shen Gua's writings, the Meng Qi Bi Tan (c.1088), which give a clear and complete description of the making of type, typesetting, printing and distribution of the type after printing. Each character was cut in a piece of clay and then baked hard. The type was placed in an iron frame or forme set on an iron plate coated with a sticky resin, wax and paper ash. Printing a few copies was laborious, but for 100 or 1,000 copies the process was relatively quick. Each character had several types, and the commoner ones had as many as twenty or more. No further information about the type has survived, nor has any book produced in this way. Bi Sheng died soon after his invention was made, and so he was probably unable to pass the details on to an apprentice or follower.[br]Further ReadingJoseph Needham, 1985, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. V(1) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, vols V(1), pp. 201–3; V(3), p. 187.LRD
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